From the Big Bang to the Milky Way: Looking back at U of T's contribution to the Planck collaboration

Christopher.Sorensen — Fri, 11 Sep 2020 14:10:48 +0000

Christopher.Sorensen Fri, 09/11/2020 - 10:10

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Since its launch in 2009, the ESA's Planck space telescope has provided scientists, including several at U of T, data that helped refine answers to some of the most fundamental questions about the universe (photo illustration courtesy of ESA)

Chris Sasaki

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Astronomy & Astrophysics

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One of the largest collaborations in science has officially come to an end with the release of its final scientific papers this summer.

The Planck collaboration included hundreds of scientists from around the world who have been studying the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) – light from the primordial universe 380,000 years after the Big Bang – with the European Space Agency’s Planck space telescope.

Since its launch in 2009, scientists involved in the collaboration have been using Planck observations to refine answers to some of the most fundamental questions about the universe, while testing our current understanding of how it came to be and evolved – a theoretical framework known as the standard model of cosmology. They are also using the data to study our own corner of the cosmos: the Milky Way galaxy.

A historic meeting at the Faculty of Arts & Science’s Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics (CITA) in 1987 brought together theoretical and experimental astrophysicists from around the world to focus on next steps in studying the CMB. Canada’s involvement in Planck began in earnest in 1993 and was solidified when the Canadian Space Agency joined the European endeavor, with ��οUniversity Professor Richard Bond of CITA and Douglas Scott from the University of British Columbia as co-principal investigators.

One of the first steps for Canada was taken by Barth Netterfield, a professor in the David A. Dunlap department of astronomy and astrophysics and the department of physics, along with others at CITA who developed software that would be critical to processing the stream of data from the space telescope.

In addition to Bond and Netterfield, the collaboration included Professor Peter Martin, other researchers from CITA and astrophysicists from the University of Alberta, Université Laval, McGill University, Simon Fraser University and the Perimeter Institute.

From left to right: Barth Netterfield, Peter Martin and Richard Bond.

Bond’s research focuses on the CMB, the physics of the early universe, how the newborn cosmos evolved into what we see today, as well as the enigmas of dark matter and dark energy. Martin’s work included teasing “foreground” light from Planck observations to ensure the CMB signal was pristine. Some of that light came from dust particles in the Milky Way Galaxy and Martin and his collaborators used it to study the nature of our galactic home.

“Planck provided unprecedented and rich information about our galaxy which allows us to study the nature of the galactic magnetic field,” says Martin. “Also, dust is the stuff from which terrestrial planets and life form, and so Planck has helped us understand not only the evolution of the galaxy but also life within it.”

The universe according to Planck

How old is the universe? Planck scientists have determined that our cosmos is 13.8 billion years old – a figure in close agreement with the results derived from previous space telescopes, but with much more accuracy.

How rapidly is it expanding? According to Planck, the current rate of expansion is some 67 kilometers per second per megaparsec. That means that with every additional megaparsec – 3.26 million light years – a galaxy is from us, it is receding at an additional 67 kilometers per second. The universe has been expanding since its explosive birth in the Big Bang and this number, known as the Hubble constant, is a linchpin in the standard model.

How much matter, dark matter and dark energy does the cosmos contain? According to Planck, five per cent of the universe is ordinary matter; 27 per cent is dark matter – an as yet unknown type of matter which we can only detect from its gravitational presence – and 68 per cent is dark energy, the enigmatic force that is speeding up the universe’s expansion.

“Determining the basic contents of the universe with very high precision is a remarkable accomplishment,” says Bond. “And what is wonderful is the fact that the Planck results are the same as those given by completely independent observational approaches of the nucleosynthesis of hydrogen, helium and deuterium in the first few minutes after the Big Bang.”

The mission has also produced one of astronomy’s most iconic images. The multi-coloured Planck map of the entire sky is a snapshot of the CMB from when the newborn universe was dense with energy and matter but millions of years before the formation of stars and galaxies. It shows the clumps and hotspots of energy and matter that evolved into the great clusters and superclusters of galaxies we see today.

In probing dust in our galaxy, Martin’s research comes as close as possible to studying nothing. The size of the particles is measured in microns – millionths of a metre – and they are so diffuse that a volume of space equivalent to a large sports stadium contains just one.

Yet, these motes make it possible to observe the galaxy’s incredibly weak magnetic field, which is a billionth the strength of a fridge magnet. The dust aligns with the field’s lines of force like spinning, oblong beads on a string. As a result of this alignment, the light they emit is polarized, meaning it’s oriented in a way that indicates the direction of the magnetic lines.

With this data, Martin and his Planck colleagues created another map – this one showing the “fingerprint” of lines of magnetic force winding their way through the galaxy.

The Cosmic Microwave Background, a snapshot of the universe when it was 380,000 years old (image courtesy ESA and the Planck Collaboration)

From the moment of creation to today

Planck research encompasses the entire universe in both space and time – a wealth of discovery that saw the Planck collaboration earn the 2018 Gruber Prize in cosmology.

It has revealed insights into the galaxies that lie between the Milky Way and the CMB. It has given us a glimpse of the rapid expansion that the universe underwent in the first fraction of a second after the Big Bang. It even resolved a brewing cosmological controversy by explaining that a signal thought to result from gravitational waves from the early universe was due instead to dust in our galaxy.

“One of the benefits of being in the Planck collaboration was the perspective I obtained on the very broad range of science on which Planck has had an impact, from cosmology to our galaxy,” says Martin.

U of T’s involvement in CMB research isn’t ending with Planck but is continuing with new endeavors like the Atacama Cosmology Telescope, the Simons Observatory and a new space mission.

Says Bond, “There's a brilliant future beyond Planck for the study of the CMB – and Canada and the University of Toronto will be involved.”

Planets outside our solar system more hospitable to life than we'd thought

sgupta — Fri, 16 Jan 2015 09:25:50 +0000

Planets outside our solar system more hospitable to life than we'd thought sgupta Fri, 01/16/2015 - 04:25

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Sean Bettam

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Sean Bettam

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A study by astrophysicists at the University of Toronto suggests that exoplanets – planets outside our solar system – are more likely to have liquid water and be more habitable than we thought.

“Planets with potential oceans could have a climate that is much more similar to Earth’s than previously expected,” said Jérémy Leconte, a postdoctoral fellow at the Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics (CITA) and the Centre for Planetary Sciences at the University of Toronto, and lead author of a study published January 15 in Science Express.

Scientists have thought that exoplanets behave in a manner contrary to that of Earth – that is, they always show their same side to their star. If so, exoplanets would rotate in sync with their star so that there is always one hemisphere facing it while the other hemisphere is in perpetual cold darkness.

Leconte’s study suggests, however, that as exoplanets rotate around their stars, they spin at such a speed as to exhibit a day-night cycle similar to Earth.

“If we are correct, there is no permanent, cold night side on exoplanets causing water to remain trapped in a gigantic ice sheet. Whether this new understanding of exoplanets’ climate increases the ability of these planets to develop life remains an open question.”

Leconte and his team reached their conclusions via a three-dimensional climate model they developed to predict the effect of a given planet’s atmosphere on the speed of its rotation, which results in changes to its climate, said Leconte. “Atmosphere is a key factor affecting a planet’s spin, the impact of which can be of enough significance to overcome synchronous rotation and put a planet in a day-night cycle.”

Though astronomers are still awaiting observational evidence, theoretical arguments suggest that many exoplanets should be able to maintain an atmosphere as massive as that of Earth. In Earth’s case – with its relatively thin atmosphere – most of the light from the Sun reaches the surface of the planet, maximizing the effect of heating throughout the atmosphere and producing a more moderate climate across the planet. By creating temperature differences at the surface, between day and night and between equator and poles, the solar heating drives winds that redistribute the mass of the atmosphere.

The impact is so significant that it overcomes the effect of tidal friction exerted by a star on whatever satellite is orbiting it, much like Earth does on the Moon.

“The Moon always shows us the same side, because the tides raised by Earth create a friction that alters its spin,” said Leconte. “The Moon is in synchronous rotation with Earth because the time it takes to spin once on its axis equals the time it takes for it to orbit around Earth. That is why there is a dark side of the moon. The tidal theory, however, neglects the effects of an atmosphere.”

The researchers say that a large number of known terrestrial exoplanets should not be in a state of synchronous rotation, as initially believed. While their models show that they would have a day-night cycle making them much more similar to Earth, the duration of their days could last between a few weeks and a few months.

The findings are reported in the paper “Asynchronous rotation of Earth-mass planets in the habitable zone of lower-mass stars” published January 15 in Science Express. The work was supported by grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

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