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Researchers at the University of Toronto have found that nuts do not contribute to weight gain.

The review of quality research on links between nuts, fat consumption and body weight  and is among the most comprehensive to date. 

It provides further evidence that long-standing concerns about nuts and weight gain – often found in popular media and clinical nutrition guidelines – are unwarranted, the researchers say.

Stephanie Nishi

“Overall, we found there is no association between nuts and weight gain, and in fact some analyses showed higher nut intake associated with reductions in body weight and waist circumference,” said lead author Stephanie Nishi, who was a doctoral student in nutritional sciences in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine at the time of the study.

“This study really hits home the idea that nuts can be a good option for people with diabetes or cardiovascular risk, but also for all individuals broadly as part of a healthy eating plan, without caveats.” 

The researchers pooled the results of 121 clinical trials and prospective studies, with over half a million participants in total. They then used a widely accepted system called GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) to gage the quality of the studies.

“We found the certainty of evidence was high for trials and moderate for observational studies,” said John Sievenpiper, principal investigator on the study and an associate professor of nutritional sciences and medicine at the Temerty Faculty of Medicine.

“That’s a good indication of no harm from nuts relative to weight gain – no more than any other foods – and there may indeed be a benefit of weight loss in addition to the other widely acknowledged health benefits of nuts.” 

Many nutrition and clinical guidelines for diabetes and heart disease recommend nuts as part of a healthy approach to eating. They include the Mediterranean, Portfolio, vegetarian or plant-based and DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) dietary patterns. 

Yet, global consumption of nuts is far below those guidelines, and when people do meet the bar, it’s often through peanuts. A typical serving of nuts is 28 to 42 grams (1 to 1.5 ounces), or what fits in the palm of an adult hand – and many guidelines suggest one serving per day.

“We’ve seen consumption of nuts increase in some areas over the last decade, especially middle- and high-income countries, but most people could better realize their benefits,” said Sievenpiper, adding he eats more than a handful most days.

“Always good to practise what you preach,” he said.

John Sievenpiper

Sievenpiper said the study was a massive amount of work. It was led by Nishi during more than four years of her doctoral studies and encompassed many types of nuts, as well as people with various health conditions and statuses.

In related work, Sievenpiper is running a clinical trial on heart health and the Portfolio diet, with nuts as a core pillar. Earlier this year, his lab found that a calorie labelled is not the same as a calorie digested and absorbed, when people consume almonds.

Nishi is now studying nuts, cognitive performance and vascular health in the lab of Jordi Salas Salvadó at Spain’s University of Rovira i Virgili.

“I didn’t used to eat many nuts, but now I’m surrounded by almonds and macadamias – so eating more,” Nishi said. “Especially due to the evidence supporting their health benefits, but also because of their versatility in the kitchen and on the go.”

The research was supported by the PSI Graham Farquharson Knowledge Translation Fellowship and the Banting & Best Diabetes Centre Sun Life Financial New Investigator Award. For a full list of all researchers' funding sources, .